-4 -4 1032 723 false false 6 235130130 110220120 23520090 185140240 150190210 190190140 6 1303030 3012040 15013030 11570140 7080110 10011060 255255255 0 0 0 100 100 1280 826 0 0 6 15 collection 0 423 178 380 108 190190140 10011060 1 false false false false false 0 0 0 Dialog 14 000 10 0 0 0 00 2. TRAVELLING IN THE PHYSICAL WORLD 1089 754 0 0 3 9 collection 0 423 68 378 102 190190140 10011060 1 false false false false false 0 0 0 Dialog 14 000 10 0 0 0 00 1. INTRODUCTION 1021 772 0 0 4 40 collection 0 423 292 381 111 190190140 10011060 1 false false false false false 0 0 0 Dialog 14 000 10 0 0 0 00 3. MOBILITY AND THE WEB 1039 987 0 0 4 65 collection 0 422 412 384 108 190190140 10011060 1 false false false false false 0 0 0 Dialog 14 000 10 0 0 0 00 4. A MODEL OF TRAVEL 1132 667 0 0 5 1 object 0 27 12 491 34 255255255 3012040 0 false false false false true 0 0 0 Dialog 18 000 10 0 0 0 00 1 The Travails of Visually Impaired Web Travellers 6 collection 0 33 70 382 451 235130130 1303030 1 false false false false false 0 0 0 Dialog 14 000 10 0 0 0 00 ABSTRACT 1021 567 0 0 3 183 object 15 24 120 243 83 0102102 10011060 1 false false false false true 0 0 0 dialog 12 000 10 0 0 0 00 1 "Survey knowledge is the gestalt sense of a physical environment that allows an individual to visualize the environment in terms of an external map" 18 collection 15 493 6 496 648 110220120 3012040 1 false false false false false 0 0 0 dialog 12 000 10 0 0 0 00 Travelling in the Physical World 1009 690 0 0 7 16 object 15 21 5 441 102 150190210 11570140 1 false false false false true 0 0 0 dialog 12 000 10 0 0 0 00 5 Conventionally, physical mobility is separated into orientation and navigation using three types of mental representation. (1)landmarks (2)routes (3)surveys 152 collection 18 11 522 429 65 185140240 11570140 1 false false false false false 0 0 0 dialog 12 000 10 0 0 0 00 Spatial awareness 997 507 0 0 1 150 collection 18 11 428 428 84 185140240 11570140 1 false false false false false 0 0 0 dialog 12 000 10 0 0 0 00 Regularity and familiarity of environment 416 416 0 0 1 144 collection 18 8 149 429 84 185140240 11570140 1 false false false false false 0 0 0 dialog 12 000 10 0 0 0 00 Granularity 417 417 0 0 1 148 collection 18 11 335 428 85 185140240 11570140 1 false false false false false 0 0 0 dialog 12 000 10 0 0 0 00 External memory and mental maps 416 413 0 0 1 146 collection 18 9 243 428 81 185140240 11570140 1 false false false false false 0 0 0 dialog 12 000 10 0 0 0 00 Egocentricity 417 417 0 0 1 142 collection 18 8 72 429 68 185140240 11570140 1 false false false false false 0 0 0 dialog 12 000 10 0 0 0 00 Information flow 1020 321 0 0 1 22 object 18 5 9 431 52 190190140 3012040 1 false false false false true 0 0 0 dialog 12 000 10 0 0 0 00 2 Travel a journey in a different way - using a number of different cues, to sighted people. 153 object 152 14 3 374 30 23520090 15013030 1 false false false false true 0 0 0 dialog 12 000 10 0 0 0 00 1 Varies between individuals 151 object 150 12 1 388 48 23520090 15013030 1 false false false false true 0 0 0 dialog 12 000 10 0 0 0 00 1 travel independently in the urban environments with regular features travel unassisted in areas that were familiar to them 145 object 144 10 6 395 47 23520090 15013030 1 false false false false true 0 0 0 dialog 12 000 10 0 0 0 00 1 use complex detailed route description & more specific obstacle information 149 object 148 12 3 388 43 23520090 15013030 1 false false false false true 0 0 0 dialog 12 000 10 0 0 0 00 2 have increased use of cognitive or mental maps (egocentric, divided into smaller steps) 147 object 146 12 2 392 46 23520090 15013030 1 false false false false true 0 0 0 dialog 12 000 10 0 0 0 00 2 use more temporal & egocentric terminology + Less spatial & environmental terminology 143 object 142 6 1 400 36 23520090 15013030 1 false false false false true 0 0 0 dialog 12 000 10 0 0 0 00 1 Simpler infomation > Complex information 12 object 9 25 81 400 108 150190210 11570140 1 false false false false true 0 0 0 dialog 12 000 10 0 0 0 00 4 The W3C Web Accessibility Initiative - recognises these difficulties, tackling the issue from two directions: (1) improving the overall design of web pages (2) improving the recognition, appropriate interpretation and presentation of suitably marked-up pages by user agents. 10 object 9 23 20 400 51 150190210 11570140 1 false false false false true 0 0 0 dialog 12 000 10 0 0 0 00 10 The richness of visual navigational cues (presented to a sighted user) - not appropriate or accessible to a visually impaired user. (Fig 1 & Fig 2) Only a small portion of the screen is viewable at any point. No overall picture is formed or maintained. All layout, style and font information is lost Contextual information is easy to lose. No familiarity with layout and style is applicable, -> so every page is as if it has never been seen before. 14 object 9 25 270 401 81 150190210 11570140 1 false false false false true 0 0 0 dialog 12 000 10 0 0 0 00 2 Propose a model of physical travel - that is extended to a framework for assessing the mobility support given to visually impaired users of the web. 13 object 9 25 197 400 66 150190210 11570140 1 false false false false true 0 0 0 dialog 12 000 10 0 0 0 00 3 The notion of travel (1) will increase the usability of the web for VI users (2) will attempt to make mobility analysis systematic and replicable. 43 collection 40 12 219 411 333 110220120 3012040 1 false false false false false 0 0 0 dialog 12 000 10 0 0 0 00 The Web Environment for the VI User 858 457 0 0 2 48 collection 40 447 0 492 698 110220120 3012040 1 false false false false false 0 0 0 dialog 12 000 10 0 0 0 00 Travelling in the Virtual World 1049 870 0 0 7 41 object 40 14 5 407 75 150190210 11570140 1 false false false false true 0 0 0 dialog 12 000 10 0 0 0 00 3 Extensive work on the usability of hypermedia - sometimes using the physical world as a model - focus is on sighted users. 42 object 40 11 95 409 117 150190210 11570140 1 false false false false true 0 0 0 dialog 12 000 10 0 0 0 00 4 SUE (The systematic hypermedia evaluation methodology) - Includes accessibility and orientation among its efficiency measures. - Accessibility concentrates on navigational richness, and link completeness rather than mobility - Ignores presentation and orientation presumes a speed of information assimulation unavailable to unsighted users. 45 collection 43 22 72 350 217 185140240 11570140 1 false false false false false 0 0 0 dialog 12 000 10 0 0 0 00 User Agent 338 334 0 0 2 44 object 43 24 10 343 50 190190140 3012040 1 false false false false true 0 0 0 dialog 12 000 10 0 0 0 00 2 web landscape = page + user agent 47 object 45 18 52 286 135 23520090 11570140 1 false false false false true 0 0 0 dialog 12 000 10 0 0 0 00 5 Two approaches (1) Screen scraping - The text on the screen is read out word by word, line by line (2) Using specialist browsers - They make more use of the HTML but still need to be improved 46 object 45 16 10 288 29 23520090 10011060 1 false false false false true 0 0 0 dialog 12 000 10 0 0 0 00 1 Combination of the browser and the device used to present information in an appropriate sensory form 55 collection 48 7 568 449 90 185140240 11570140 1 false false false false false 0 0 0 dialog 12 000 10 0 0 0 00 Egocentricity 800 600 0 0 1 52 collection 48 8 482 449 78 185140240 11570140 1 false false false false false 0 0 0 dialog 12 000 10 0 0 0 00 Regularity and familiarity 1036 600 0 0 1 53 collection 48 10 412 450 65 185140240 11570140 1 false false false false false 0 0 0 dialog 12 000 10 0 0 0 00 Spatial information 800 600 0 0 1 54 collection 48 9 318 449 90 185140240 11570140 1 false false false false false 0 0 0 dialog 12 000 10 0 0 0 00 External memory 800 600 0 0 1 51 collection 48 9 162 447 149 185140240 11570140 1 false false false false false 0 0 0 dialog 12 000 10 0 0 0 00 Granularity 800 600 0 0 2 50 collection 48 9 68 447 84 185140240 11570140 1 false false false false false 0 0 0 dialog 12 000 10 0 0 0 00 Information flow 480 437 0 0 1 49 object 48 7 10 449 46 190190140 10011060 1 false false false false true 0 0 0 dialog 12 000 10 0 0 0 00 2 Reduced speed, diminished accuracy and limited control of information flow - hampers the efficiency of the VI reader. 64 object 55 17 5 409 47 23520090 11570140 1 false false false false true 0 0 0 dialog 12 000 10 0 0 0 00 1 unmodified direct translation of a sighted way of orienting and navigating may be inappropriate 63 object 52 14 2 415 43 23520090 11570140 1 false false false false true 0 0 0 dialog 12 000 10 0 0 0 00 1 VI users cannot waste their time probing visual spaces for exceptions and differences 60 object 53 12 2 414 29 23520090 11570140 1 false false false false true 0 0 0 dialog 12 000 10 0 0 0 00 1 difficult to rely on 59 object 54 10 3 417 49 23520090 11570140 1 false false false false true 0 0 0 dialog 12 000 10 0 0 0 00 2 VI travellers use mental maps built through exploration But, VI users' exploration efficiency and effectiveness is seriously impaired 58 object 51 6 65 422 46 23520090 11570140 1 false false false false true 0 0 0 dialog 12 000 10 0 0 0 00 1 web world has a strong dynamic element, as the landscapes change through alerts and active elements 57 object 51 4 6 425 46 23520090 11570140 1 false false false false true 0 0 0 dialog 12 000 10 0 0 0 00 1 VI users make heavier, constant and more explicit use of environmental cues and need to be explicitly warned of obstacles 56 object 50 5 7 425 45 23520090 11570140 1 false false false false true 0 0 0 dialog 12 000 10 0 0 0 00 1 VI users may have to listen to the whole text or undertake time consuming cursor based exploration of a window. 184 collection 65 445 15 551 452 110220120 3012040 1 false false false false false 0 0 0 dialog 12 000 10 0 0 0 00 Mobility Evaluation Framework 1114 625 0 0 3 69 collection 65 14 291 425 244 150190210 7080110 1 false false false false false 0 0 0 dialog 12 000 10 0 0 0 00 Cue or Obstacle? 470 606 0 0 6 68 object 65 11 126 425 154 150190210 11570140 1 false false false false true 0 0 0 dialog 12 000 10 0 0 0 00 6 Obstacle and Cue Obstacle: An object that either directly or indirectly obstructs the progress of a traveller to a specific destination Cue: An object, or series of objects in combination, that orientates and encourages onward navigation. 66 object 65 10 15 425 45 235130130 1303030 1 false false false false true 0 0 1 dialog 12 000 10 0 0 0 00 1 A model of travel is required to apply a physical touring metaphor to moving around the web. 67 object 65 11 66 427 51 150190210 11570140 1 false false false false true 0 0 0 dialog 12 000 10 0 0 0 00 2 Landmark and memory objects (table 1 ~ 3) - Traveller uses them to reassure safe to proceed and going the right way 81 collection 184 8 262 531 124 185140240 11570140 1 false false false false false 0 0 0 dialog 12 000 10 0 0 0 00 Evaluation of IMDB 1067 537 0 0 3 78 collection 184 6 135 532 120 185140240 11570140 1 false false false false false 0 0 0 dialog 12 000 10 0 0 0 00 Probing the Presentations 997 520 0 0 3 75 collection 184 5 6 536 121 185140240 11570140 1 false false false false false 0 0 0 dialog 12 000 10 0 0 0 00 A Mobility Evaluation Framework 1086 646 0 0 3 197 collection 81 374 70 310 247 23520090 15013030 1 false false false false false 0 0 0 dialog 12 000 10 0 0 0 00 Table7: A Cue & Obstacle Inventory 762 298 0 0 3 194 collection 81 26 69 329 178 23520090 15013030 1 false false false false false 0 0 0 dialog 12 000 10 0 0 0 00 Table 6: Travel Object Inventory 367 367 0 0 2 82 object 81 29 11 529 43 235130130 1303030 1 false false false false true 0 0 3 dialog 12 000 10 0 0 0 00 2 present an inventory of the travel objects on a page. - specifically the home page of the IMDB. (table 6, 7) 199 object 197 15 126 266 82 190190140 10011060 1 false false false false true 0 0 0 dialog 12 000 10 0 0 0 00 4 IMDB is a particularly bad design, -> No alternatives to the graphics -> No description tags are included -> None of the items are labeled 198 object 197 12 63 271 51 190190140 10011060 1 false false false false true 0 0 0 dialog 12 000 10 0 0 0 00 1 The IBM Home Reader has the instruments to cope with "ALT" tag and "LABEL" tag 83 object 197 12 7 270 44 190190140 10011060 1 false false false false true 0 0 2 dialog 12 000 10 0 0 0 00 2 two browsers are used - Netscape and the IBM Home Reader 196 object 194 10 69 301 77 190190140 10011060 1 false false false false true 0 0 0 dialog 12 000 10 0 0 0 00 2 VI users cannot interpret the bar because it is rendered graphically or it is only seen at the end of a three page scroll so it is invisible. 195 object 194 8 9 303 48 190190140 10011060 1 false false false false true 0 0 0 dialog 12 000 10 0 0 0 00 1 The navigation bar is a site map with many roles as memory object, IP and WP 191 collection 78 328 58 316 203 23520090 15013030 1 false false false false false 0 0 0 dialog 12 000 10 0 0 0 00 Instruments (Table 5) 711 304 0 0 2 187 collection 78 10 56 300 206 23520090 15013030 1 false false false false false 0 0 0 dialog 12 000 10 0 0 0 00 Presentation Form (Table 4) 394 289 0 0 3 186 object 78 10 9 508 35 235130130 1303030 1 false false false false true 0 0 0 dialog 12 000 10 0 0 0 00 1 User agent accessibility of a travel object depends on the presentation form & instruments 192 object 191 15 63 264 48 190190140 10011060 1 false false false false true 0 0 0 dialog 12 000 10 0 0 0 00 1 ex) Graphic items with "ALT" tags 80 object 191 15 7 262 48 190190140 10011060 1 false false false false true 0 0 0 dialog 12 000 10 0 0 0 00 1 Some inaccessible presentation could be interpreted by an appropriate user agent 190 object 187 13 100 265 64 190190140 10011060 1 false false false false true 0 0 0 dialog 12 000 10 0 0 0 00 1 forms indicated as Obstacles should be supplied with an alternative interpretable by appropriate user agent 189 object 187 14 51 264 46 190190140 10011060 1 false false false false true 0 0 0 dialog 12 000 10 0 0 0 00 1 Are difficult to find & interact with, or just plain invisible to VI users 188 object 187 14 8 264 38 190190140 10011060 1 false false false false true 0 0 0 dialog 12 000 10 0 0 0 00 1 are visual: icon, layouts, cursor shapes, etc. 185 object 75 7 1 511 29 235130130 1303030 1 false false false false true 0 0 0 dialog 12 000 10 0 0 0 00 1 Two key questions to evaluate web motilities 76 object 75 5 39 515 45 23520090 15013030 1 false false false false true 0 0 0 dialog 12 000 10 0 0 0 00 1 Does the rendering environment give the instruments to find and use travel objects accurately and quickly? 77 object 75 6 92 513 32 23520090 15013030 1 false false false false true 0 0 0 dialog 12 000 10 0 0 0 00 1 Does the web page have the travel objects if the instruments existed to find and use them? 70 object 69 23 61 155 92 190190140 10011060 1 false false false false true 0 0 0 dialog 12 000 10 0 0 0 00 2 Current travel purpose - information seeking, surveying, orientation & navigation 72 object 69 24 165 155 46 190190140 10011060 1 false false false false true 0 0 0 dialog 12 000 10 0 0 0 00 1 Presentation form 74 object 69 197 60 154 35 190190140 10011060 1 false false false false true 0 0 0 dialog 12 000 10 0 0 0 00 1 User agent 71 object 69 199 111 155 44 190190140 10011060 1 false false false false true 0 0 0 dialog 12 000 10 0 0 0 00 1 User 73 object 69 198 165 154 46 190190140 10011060 1 false false false false true 0 0 0 dialog 12 000 10 0 0 0 00 1 timeliness of access and feedback 193 object 69 22 3 328 52 235130130 1303030 1 false false false false true 0 0 0 dialog 12 000 10 0 0 0 00 1 Whether a travel object is a cue or an obstacle depends on the combination of the five things below 7 object 6 20 101 336 137 150190210 11570140 1 false false false false true 0 0 0 dialog 12 000 10 0 0 0 00 7 presents the ground work for including travel into web design and usability metrics by (1) presenting a framework for identifying travel objects (2) registering them as - either cues to aid travel or - obstacles that hinder travel for visually impaired users. 8 object 6 18 251 338 68 150190210 11570140 1 false false false false true 0 0 0 dialog 12 000 10 0 0 0 00 2 The aim is to maximise cues and minimise obstacles to give high mobility as measured by the mobility index 3 object 6 20 12 335 79 150190210 11570140 1 false false false false true 0 0 0 dialog 12 000 10 0 0 0 00 2 proposes the inclusion of travel and mobility in the usability metrics of web design 0 121 0 null 0 199 4 IMDB is a particularly bad design, -> No alternatives to the graphics -> No description tags are included -> None of the items are labeled 0 120 0 null 0 198 1 The IBM Home Reader has the instruments to cope with "ALT" tag and "LABEL" tag 0 59 0 null 0 68 6 Obstacle and Cue Obstacle: An object that either directly or indirectly obstructs the progress of a traveller to a specific destination Cue: An object, or series of objects in combination, that orientates and encourages onward navigation. 0 58 0 null 0 <